Friends in need: Asean’s financial safety net stigmatised & shunned

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Friends in need: Asean’s financial safety net stigmatised & shunned
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Singapore and Indonesia signed a $10 billion Bilateral Swap Agreement (BSA) in October 2018 allowing the two countries to assist each other through US dollar loans during financial stress. The move signals a willingness by Asean countries to play a bigger and more direct role in strengthening the region’s financial stability — but there is still much to do.

The new BSA reflects increased unease among some Asean countries about the region’s existing financial cooperation arrangements. The most important is the Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralisation (CMIM), a $240 billion swap agreement among the Asean+3 countries (Asean plus China, Japan and South Korea).

The CMIM was implemented in 2010 when multilateralism was on the rise and a new international financial architecture was taking shape. The new order involved sharing greater responsibility for crisis management between regional organisations and global institutions.

Concerns over +3 powers

In theory, the CMIM offers a strong and credible vehicle for crisis prevention and resolution. It provides a bigger pool of resources than pre-existing swap agreements between Asean and China, Japan and South Korea as well as the $2 billion Asean Swap Agreement (ASA) between Asean monetary authorities.

Asean+3 can only approve 30 per cent of assistance funding with the balance needing IMF approval - IMF Institute for capacity bulding
Asean+3 can only approve 30 per cent of assistance funding with the balance needing IMF approval – IMF Institute for capacity bulding IMF

By consolidating the network of BSAs under the CMIM, decision-making during crises is streamlined. By subjecting 70 per cent of emergency fund drawdown to International Monetary Fund (IMF) approval, the CMIM addresses the moral hazard problem associated with a multilateral fund.

Still, there are increasing concerns among Asean members about the CMIM’s effectiveness and whether it represents the right financing arrangement for Asean. Specifically, there are concerns that the CMIM’s interests may not align with Asean’s.

As China, Japan and South Korea provide 80 per cent of the funding for the CMIM, they are the key decision makers and must approve any assistance to Asean countries in crisis.

Also, Asean+3 can only approve the first 30 per cent of the funds that a country in crisis needs. The remaining 70 per cent is subject to the IMF approval process.

Unique shocks, IMF stigma

Asean member countries are exposed to shocks distinct from those affecting China, Japan and South Korea
Asean member countries are exposed to shocks distinct from those affecting China, Japan and South Korea

Asean countries have been uncomfortable with the CMIM’s decision-making structure for some time. They are exposed to shocks distinct from those affecting China, Japan and South Korea.

These East Asian economies are not as sensitive to the political and economic vulnerabilities that Asean countries face, and so their decisions may not adequately address the region’s needs. Asean needs a regional financial arrangement that is fully under its control.

Many Asean countries also find the role of the IMF program onerous, particularly for short-term financing to boost liquidity (as opposed to longer-term funding to correct fundamental economic imbalances).

There is also still a strong stigma associated with IMF assistance due to its role during the Asian financial crisis, making it politically difficult for many Asean governments to request assistance from the IMF.

This stigma constitutes a major risk as an Asean country facing a temporary balance of payments shock may have no recourse to sizeable liquidity support until it is too late, since the bulk of the CMIM’s funds are linked to the IMF. The stigma has effectively reduced the CMIM to a largely non-operational role.

Support from Asean friends

The past 10 years of volatile global capital flows demonstrates the CMIM’s shortcomings. Although no Asean country went into a crisis during this period, several Asean countries needed emergency financial assistance during the so-called taper tantrum in 2013. They did not utilise the CMIM for this purpose, even though such assistance is a core aspect of its remit.

Instead, Asean countries are resorting to bilateral swap facilities with central banks within and outside Asia.

As the Indonesia–Singapore BSA shows, they are also turning to fellow Asean countries for assistance. Such alternatives weaken the CMIM’s creditability and effectiveness as the region’s main financing mechanism.

Asean needs to rebuild its own crisis management arrangement as an additional financial safety net. This could begin with a reconstructed and substantially strengthened ASA governed by representatives from Asean countries only.

Asean countries now have more than $900 billion in international reserves. A $50 billion Asean Swap Agreement (ASA) fund is neither unrealistic nor infeasible
Asean countries now have more than $900 billion in international reserves. A $50 billion Asean Swap Agreement (ASA) fund is neither unrealistic nor infeasible TheDigitalWay

This would enable greater control over the speed and the outcome of the fund disbursement process. Policy dialogue and surveillance efforts supporting the ASA can draw on Asean’s existing economic consultation process and the Asean+3 Macroeconomic Resource Office’s (AMRO’s) surveillance work.

The new ASA could be designed as a liquidity facility to primarily address liquidity shocks and be viewed as complementary to the CMIM. In the event of a liquidity shock, the ASA would provide the second line of defence after the country’s own reserves, with the CMIM forming the third line of defence.

Asean shouldering the initial funding responsibility in a crisis would greatly facilitate subsequent funding from the CMIM.

The current ASA fund of $2 billion is inadequate. It should be at least $50 billion. This is neither unrealistic nor infeasible. Compared with the pre-Asian financial crisis period when Asean countries had a mere $164 billion in international reserves, they now have more than $900 billion.

Asean has made enormous progress in growth and development and is now one of the world’s fastest-growing and most dynamic regions. Still, another financial crisis absent a strong and credible crisis prevention and resolution mechanism may derail that progress, making a new ASA an important priority.

 

This article was written by Kim Song Tan, a Professor of Economics at Singapore Management University and Manu Bhaskaran, a CEO of Centennial Asia Advisors, a regional consultancy group. It first appeared on East Asia Forum under a Creative Commons License and is reproduced here with its permission.

 

Feature photo Asean-Thailand Secretariat

 

Related: 

  • ASEAN Plus 3 revises agreement protecting regional finance (Vietnam Plus)
  • Navigating priorities for Asean in 2019 (Khmer Times)
  • Green and Blue Finance Will Help Bridge Infrastructure Investment Gap in Southeast Asia (Modern Diplomacy)
  • Sustaining Southeast Asia’s Momentum (Strategy Business)

 

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